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GOTHIC ART

Virgin and Child Ivory Carving (1280). Gothic sculpture at its finest. Louvre, Paris.

The term 'Gothic' describes the style of European architecture, sculpture (and minor arts) which linked medieval Romanesque art with the Renaissance. The period is generally divided into Early Gothic (1150-1250), High Gothic (1250-1375), and International Gothic (1375-1450). Primarily a form of Christian art, it flourished initially in Cathedrals and churches across the Ile de Franceand surrounding region in the period 1150-1250, and then spread throughout northern Europe.

The chief hallmark of Gothic art was its unique integration of the arts of sculpture, stained glass and architecture - notably, in the great cathedrals of Chartres, Amiens, Reims and Notre Dame de Paris. The planar forms of the previous Romanesque style were replaced by a new focus on line, and its soaring arches and buttresses permitted the opening up of walls for unprecedently huge windows filled with beautifully translucent holy images, far surpassing anything that murals or mosaic art had to offer. All this created an evocative humanistic atmosphere quite different from the earlier Romanesque movement. (During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, Gothic fused with Italian art to produce a more secular style, called International Gothic, as it spread across Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy.)

Gothic art, being exclusively religious art, lent powerful tangible weight to the growing power of the Church in Rome. This not only inspired the public, as well as its secular leaders - an important feature especially during times of hardship, such as the Black Death which killed a third of Europe's population during the second half of the 14th century - but also it firmly established the connection between religion and art, which was one of the foundations of the Early Renaissance. Among famous medieval artists in the Gothic style were Giovanni Pisano, as well as Simone Martini of the Sienese School of painting.