3º ESO



El relieve de la Península Ibérica
RELIEVE CONTINENTAL




RELIEVE COSTERO


RELIEVE SUBMARINO




Accidentes del relieve a estudiar y localizar







A link to learn about general Geography.

Basic Geography

Entertaining quizzes in which your knowledge of Europe’s history and geography is tested – from rivers and mountains to capital cities, flags and monarchs. Do you know when Europe’s most famous battles were fought? Do you know which volcanoes are in which countries?

Quiz on line


Countries of the world



Basic Geography: The Equator and the Prime Meridian


The earth is a globe, of course, and can be divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude. Latitude lines run east and west and measure north and south; longitude lines run north and south and measure east and west. The lines measure distances in degrees.
But where do you start? Where is 0 degrees?
Well, that depends on whether you're looking for 0 degrees latitude or 0 degrees longitude. They are different things.
The equator is 0 degree latitude. This imaginary line, which runs through parts of South America, Africa, and Asia, is officially the halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole.
The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.
By using the equator and prime meridian, we can divide the world into four hemispheres, north, south, east, and west. For instance, the United States is in the Western Hemisphere (because it is west of the prime meridian) and also in the Northern Hemisphere (because it is north of the equator).
The earliest maps have the equator marked on them, but it wasn't until the late 19th Century that the prime meridian was named. Until that time, as many as 14 different locations were being identified on various maps as 0 degrees longitude. The International Meridian Conference of 1884 changed all that, naming an imaginary line drawn through Greenwhich, England, as the prime meridian.
These lines are drawn only on maps and globes, however. You won't find an "equator line" on the streets of Brazil. These lines are merely for the identification of where things are on a map or a globe.









ANDALUCIA






Enlaces sobre Ecología












WONDERFUL VIDEO ABOUT EARTH'S LANDSCAPES


Recursos de climatología



 WEALTHY INEQUALITY IN AMERICA













DIVIÉRTETE APRENDIENDO GEOGRAFÍA POLÍTICA:


    Países de Asia   

  Países de Oceanía


APRENDE SOBRE TU PAÍS



Comunidades autónomas y capitales de España


Provincias y capitales de España



POLÍTICA MEDIOAMBIENTAL




PROTOCOLO DE KIOTO


LA ECONOMÍA POR SECTORES


 EL SECTOR PRIMARIO



 EL EJIDO

EL SECTOR SECUNDARIO





Actividades del sector secundario


MAPA DE LA DESLOCALIZACIÓN EN EL MUNDO


EL SECTOR TERCIARIO






Actividades del sector terciario







TURISMO EN ESPAÑA




ORGANIZACIÓN TERRITORIAL DE ESPAÑA











LAS PRIMERAS ELECCIONES DEMOCRÁTICAS EN LA TRANSICIÓN ESPAÑOLA

  


 

EL REFERENDUM CONSTITUCIONAL ESPAÑOL DE 1978






LAS COMUNIDADES AUTÓNOMAS


 


 EL GOLPE DE ESTADO DEL 23 DE FEBRERO DE 1981




ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICA DE LAS SOCIEDADES







Congreso de los Diputados

Información sobre la Constitución Española de 1978

Artículos de la Constitución Española




Democracy

A democracy is a form of government in which the people, either directly or indirectly, take part in governing. The word democracy originates from Greek, and means rule of the people.





Distinctions
Democratic governments can be divided into different types, based on a number of different distinctions. The most important distinction is between direct democracy and indirect democracy. The latter type is the most common one. A direct democracy is a political system in which all citizens are allowed to influence policy by means of a direct vote, or referendum, on any particular issue. Indirect democracy is a term describing a means of governance by the people through elected representatives. A representative democracy is a system in which the people elect government officials who then make decisions on their behalf. This is often referred to as Republic, particularly in historical usages and in constitutional theory. Modern definitions of that term, however, refer to any State with an elective Head of State and most monarchies are representative democracies.  Essentially, a representative democracy is a form of indirect democracy in which leaders and representatives are democratically selected. A doctrine ofter known as Edmund Burke's Principle states that representatives should act upon their own conscience in the affairs of a representative democracy. There is also an expectation that such representatives should consider the views of their electors - particularly in the case of States with strong constituiency links. Some critics of representative democracy argue that party politics mean that representatives will be forced to follow the party line on issues, rather than either the will of their conscience or constituents.  Another form of indirect democracy is delegative democracy. In delegative democracy, delegates are selected and expected to act on the wishes of the constituency. In this form of democracy the constituency may recall the delegate at any time. One critique of delegative democracy is that it can be used to filter out the will of the base element if too many layers are added to the structure of decision making. One important issue in a democracy is the suffrage, or the franchise - that is the decision as to who ought to be entitled to vote. Recent example of how the "right to vote" changed over history is New Zealand, which was the first country to give women the right to vote (19 September 1893). In the Athenian democracy, slaves and women were prohibited from voting.  Another important concern in a democracy is the so-called "tyranny of the majority". In a pure democracy, a majority would be empowered to do anything it wanted to any unfavored minority. For example, in a pure democracy it is theoretically possible for a majority to vote that a certain religion should be illegalized, and its members punished with death. In some countries, their Constitution intentionally designs a representative rather than a direct democracy in part to avoid the danger of the tyranny of the majority. Some proponents of direct democracy argue that not all direct democracies need to be pure democracies. They argue that just as there is a special constitutional process for amending articles in the constitutions of traditional Republics, there could be a distinction between legislation which would be handled through direct democracy and the modification of constitutional rights which would have a more deliberative procedure there attached.

Direct and Representative Democracy.  Direct democracy becomes more and more difficult, and necessarily more closely approximates representative democracy, as the number of citizens grows. Historically, the most direct democracies would include the New England town meeting, and the political system of the ancient Greek city states.
We can view direct and indirect democracies as ideal types, with actual democracies approximating more closely to the one or the other. Some modern political entities are closest to direct democracies, such as Switzerland or some U.S. States, where frequent use is made of referenda, and means are provided for referenda to be initiated by petition instead of by members of the legislature or the government.

However, elections are not a sufficient condition for the existence of democracy, in fact elections can be used by totalitarian regimes or dictatorships to give a false sense of democracy. Some examples are 1960s right-wing military dicatorships in South America, left-wing totalitarian states like the USSR until 1991 or the more prominent III Reich, in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s.
Representative democracy is the most commonly used system of government in countries generally considered "democratic".

However, it should be noted that the definition used to classify countries as "democratic" was crafted by Europeans and is directly influenced by the dominating cultures in those countries; care should be taken when applying it to other cultures that are tribal in nature and do no have the same historical background as the current "democratic" countries.

Discussion on Direct Democracy
The traditional, and to many still compelling, objection to direct democracy as a form of government is that it is open to demagoguery. It is for this reason that the United States was established as, in the terminology used at the time , a "republic" rather than a "democracy". Thus Benjamin Franklin's famous answer, to the question as to what sort of government the "Founding Fathers" had established, was: "A Republic, if you can keep it."
Alternative Definition of 'Democracy'
There is another definition of democracy from that given above, though it is less commonly used. According to this definition, the word "democracy" refers solely to direct democracy, whilst a representative democracy is referred to as a "republic". Using this definition, most western coutries' system of government is referred to as a "democratic-republic," rather than a democracy.

The words "democracy" and "republic" were wrongly used by some of the Founding Fathers of the United States. They argued that only a representative democracy (what they called a 'republic') could properly protect the rights of the individual; they used the word 'democracy' to refer to direct democracy, which they considered tyrannical.
From the time of old Greece up to now the definition of the word "democracy" has changed, according to most political scientists today (and most common English speakers) the term "democracy" refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it be direct or representative. The term "republic" today commonly means, a politicial system with a head of state elected for a limited term, as opposed to a constitutional monarchy.
Note however that the older terms are still sometimes used in discussions of politicial theory, especially when considering the works of Aristotle or the American "Founding Fathers". This older terminology also has some popularity in conservative and Libertarian politics in the United States.














EUROPEAN UNION











https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgnXwrsMBUs



Geography of the European Union - Website

On this website you can find practical maps with basic information on the country’s political system, history, economy, geography and traditional food.






                             
Europe: a beautiful continent with a fascinating history. It has produced many of the world’s famous scientists, inventors, artists and composers, as well as popular entertainers and successful sports people. For centuries Europe was plagued by wars and divisions. But in the last 60 years or so, the countries of this old continent have at last been coming together in peace, friendship and unity, to work for a better Europe and a better world.



Some 17 activities get students thinking about what the EU is, national and EU identity, languages and the pros and cons of Northern Ireland’s EU membership. Activities include discussions on how to make life easier for immigrants and how national identities vary, the use of symbols and keywords to describe countries, and online exercises. Each activity comes with pdf documents or links to useful websites.



TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM


Three types of economic systems exist, each with their own drawbacks and benefits; the Market Economy, the Planned Economy and the Mixed Economy. An economic system is loosely defined as country’s plan for its services, goods produced, and the exact way in which its economic plan is carried out. In general, there are three major types of economic systems prevailing around the world.

Market Economy

In a market economy, national and state governments play a minor role. Instead, consumers and their buying decisions drive the economy. In this type of economic system, the assumptions of the market play a major role in deciding the right path for a country’s economic development. Market economies aim to reduce or eliminate entirely subsidies for a particular industry, the pre-determination of prices for different commodities, and the amount of regulation controlling different industrial sectors.
The absence of central planning is one of the major features of this economic system. Market decisions are mainly dominated by supply and demand. The role of the government in a market economy is to simply make sure that the market is stable enough to carry out its economic activities properly.

Planned Economy

A planned economy is also sometimes called a command economy. The most important aspect of this type of economy is that all major decisions related to the production, distribution, commodity and service prices, are all made by the government. The planned economy is government directed, and market forces have very little say in such an economy. This type of economy lacks the kind of flexibility that is present a market economy, and because of this, the planned economy reacts slower to changes in consumer needs and fluctuating patterns of supply and demand.
On the other hand, a planned economy aims at using all available resources for developing production instead of allotting the resources for advertising or marketing.

Mixed Economy

A mixed economy combines elements of both the planned and the market economies in one cohesive system. This means that certain features from both market and planned economic systems are taken to form this type of economy. This system prevails in many countries where neither the government nor the business entities control the economic activities of that country - both sectors play an important role in the economic decision-making of the country. In a mixed economy there is flexibility in some areas and government control in others.
Mixed economies include both capitalist and socialist economic policies and often arise in societies that seek to balance a wide range of political and economic views.


The World Economic Fórum

It is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.

The world Economic Forum



ECONOMÍA DE MERCADO



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